Plagiarism Policy

All manuscripts are screened for plagiarism using reliable detection tools (such as Turnitin or iThenticate).

• The acceptable similarity index is below 20%, including references.

• Manuscripts exceeding this threshold will be returned for revision or rejected.

• Plagiarism, duplication, or self-plagiarism is strictly prohibited.

• If plagiarism is detected after publication, the article will be retracted and an official notice will be issued.